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3 

Recent  Mexican  Study  Of  The 
Native  Languages  Of  Mexico 


By 


Frederick  Starr 


ifornia 
3nal 


5rf)e  ©nibersitg  of  <ttl)icago 

DEPARTMENT   OF   ANTHROPOLOGY 
BULLETIN    IV 


Recent  Mexican  Study  of  the  Native 
Languages  of  Mexico 


By 

FREDERICK  STARR 


CHICAGO 

Zbc  TUnlv>cr0ltB  of  Cblcago  iPrees 
1900 


Ef)t  SanibcrisitP  of  (?t1)irago 

DEPARTMENT    OK    ANTHKUPULOGY 
HUM.ETIN     IV 


Recent  Mexican  Study  of  the  Native 
Languages  of  Mexico 


By    / 
FREDERICK  STARR 


>  )      3   1   J       J    ^ 


CHICAGO 

Cbe  Tflnivcrsits  ot  Cbicago  press 

1900 


^-  I  •  • 

t  <         « 


1     C    K 


RECENT     MEXICAN     STUDY    OF    THE 
NATIVE    LANGUAGES  OF  MEXICO. 


Everyone  is  more  or  less  familiar  with  the  fact  that  there  are 
^  many  old  books  printed  in  Aztec  and  the  other  native  languages  of 
§  Mexico.  Some  of  the  oldest  and  rarest  of  American  prints  are 
pQ    among  these.     In    1866   the   eminent  Jose   Garcia   Icazbalceta,  so 

i   .1 

^    careful  as  an  historian  and   so  diligent  as  a  bibliographer,  prepared 

a    preliminary    work    upon    these    curious    books    under    the    title, 

Apuntes  para    ini    catalogo    dc   escritores    e/i    lengiias    indigenas    de 

America  (Notes  for  a  catalogue  of  writers  in  the  native  languages 

^    of  America).     The  work  is  the  rarest  of  Icazbalceta's  publications; 

~    preliminary  to  a  fuller  treatment  and  a  help  to  special   students,  it 

■o    can  hardly  be  said  to  have  been  issued  to  the  public.     No  copies 

I     were  sold.     The  author  savs  in  his  preface  :   "But  it  has  not,  on  this 

"^     account,  lost   its   original   character.     The  sixty  examples   which   I 

have   printed  with  my  own   hands   are  no  more  than  so  many  other 

copies  of  the  manuscript.     None  will  be  sold  because  proof-sheets 

ought  not  to  be  placed  on  sale  ;   all  will  be  distributed  to  whoever 

can   improve  the  work,  enriching   it  with  additions.      Persons  who 

^   find   themselves   in   such   a  position   and  who  care  for  a  copy  niay 

3   direct  themselves  to  me  or  to  Messrs.  Triibner  &  Co.,  in  London."' 

§    In  this  cataloijue  Icazbalceta  enumerates  and  describes  two  hundred 
a. 

and    fourteen  works,  most  of  which  are   printed    books   in   or  upon 

^    Mexican  languages. 

Few  persons,  however,  are  aware   that  books  are  still  printed   in 

Mexican  languages.      Nor  are    our   students  generally  acquainted 

with,  or  appreciative  of,  the  study  that   is  being  given  by  Mexican 

students  to  these  languages.     While  my  own  work  in  Mexico  has 

but  lightly  touched  upon  linguistics,  it  has  placed  me  in  a  position 

to  learn  something  of  this  work  and   the  workers,  and  to  appreciate 

'  This  catalogue  was  republished  in  1898  in  the  collected  works  of  Icazbalceta  : 
Biblioleca  de  Autores  Mexicanos.     Vol.  XVIII. 


282916 


that  there  is  a  real,  if  not  large,  present  literature  in  native  Mexican 
tongues.  It  has  seemed  that  a  list  of  such  writings  would  be  of 
bibliographic  and  ethnographic  interest.  I  have  been  the  more 
willing  to  undertake  the  presentation  of  such  a  list  because  many  of 
these  books  or  papers  are  published  in  remote  towns  and  are  little 
likely  to  reach  the  student  unless  he  looks  for  them,  knowing  just 
what  he  seeks.  The  list  must  be  far  from  complete;  no  one  realizes 
this  more  keenly  than  the  author,  who  will  gladly  receive  corrections 
and  additions. 

Books  mentioned  by  Icazbalceta  are  omitted  from  this  list  unless, 
for  some  reason,  their  inclusion  is  necessary  for  the  proper  explana- 
tion of  some  other  item  in  the  list.  Books  in  Maya,  published  in 
Yucatan,  or  in  other  parts  of  Mexico,  are  not  included,  as  recent 
Mara  literature  is  so  extensive  as  to  demand  separate  treatment. 
Articles  printed  in  periodicals  or  papers  read  before  learned  soci- 
eties, however  important,  are  not  included  unless  also  printed 
independently.  Most  of  the  works  mentioned  are  in  my  own  col- 
lection ;  a  few  I  have  not  seen,  but  copy  the  description  from  the 
catalogues  of  Nicolas  Leon  or  W.  VV.  Blake.  Where  these  descrip- 
tions are  so  taken  the  name  of  the  authority  is  given  in  brackets. 

It  is  not  easy  to  satisfactorily  classify  this  material.  Three  rather 
poorly  defined  divisions  are  recognized  : 

1.  Ancient  works,  which  have  remained  in  ms.  or  have 
become  rare  in  printed  form,  which  have  recently  been 
printed  for  the  use  of  students. 
II.  Works  presenting  the  results  of  linguistic  study  bv 
modern  students. 
III.  Writings  in,  or  upon,  the  native  languages  printed  for 
practical  ends  and  usually  for  native  use. 

I.  Recently  published  ancient  manuscripts  or  re-publica- 
tions of  old  works, 

1.  Baptista  de  Lagunas;  Juan.  Arte''  y  Diccionario  Tarascos. 
Tarascan  Grammar  and  Dictionary.  (Mexico:  1574.) 
Reprinted  by  Dr.  Nicolas  Leon.     Morelia :   1890.  4°. 

2.  Basalenque;  Diego.  Arte  de  la  lengiia  Tarasca  (1714). 
Grammar  of  the  Tarascan  language.     Reprinted,  Mexico  : 

■  The  word  arte  so  common  in  this  list  is  translated  grammar:  it  means  more. 
It  is  not  merely  a  grammar,  but  a  practical  manual  of  the  language.  The  Spanish 
word  gramatica  is  properly  translated  grammar. 

4 


1 886.  4°.  pp.  XXXV,  87.  From  1885  to  1889  the  Mexican 
government,  through  the  Department  of  Fomento,  of 
which  at  the  time  Carlos  Pacheco  was  Minister,  printed  a 
considerable  number  of  works,  in  uniform  style,  treating 
of  the  native  languages.  Most  were  reprints,  but  some 
were  original  or  before  unpublished  works.  The  editor- 
ship of  the  series  was  in  the  hands  of  Dr.  Antonio  Penaliel. 
To  this  series  belong  Nos.  2,  8,  11,  14,  41,  46,  72. 
Cordoba;  Juan  de.  Arie  del  idioma  Zapoteca  (1578). 
Grammar  of  the  Zapotec  language.  Reprinted  by  Dr. 
Nicolas  Leon.  Morelia  :  1886.  8°.  pp.  79  and  224.  This 
is  reprinted  from  the  only  entire  copy  known  at  the  time 
of  the  re-impression. 

Esopo  ;  Fabulas  de  Esopo  en  idioma  Mexicano  piiblicadas  por 
el  Dr.  Peiiafiel.  Fables  of  ^sop  in  the  Aztec  language, 
published  by  Dr.  Penafiel.  Mexico:  1895.  8".  pp  37. 
The  ms.  from  which  these  fables  of  ^4Lsop  are  printed  is 
preserved  in  the  National 
Museum  of  Mexico  and  is 
believed  to  have  been  writ- 
ten by  Father  Sahagun  in 
the  sixteenth  century.  Leon 
says  but  fifty  copies  of  this 
were  printed  ;  a  statement 
which  seems  hardly  prob- 
able. It  was  printed  in 
honor  of  the  meeting  of 
the  Eleventh  Congress  of 
Americanists  held  at  Mex- 
ico in  1895. 

Gilbert! ;  Maturino.  Arte  de 
la  lengiia  Tarasca  b  de  Mi- 
choacan  (1558).  Grammar 
of  the  Tarascan  language, 
or  that  ot  Michoacan.  Re- 
printed by  Dr.  Nicolas  Leon. 
Mexico:  1898.  Large  4°. 
pp.  344,  6.  A  remarkable  piece  of  work  ;  the  title  and 
text  are  printed  on  maguey  paper  made  expressly;  the 
title  and   first  six  piiges  are  facsimile.     Only  one  hundred 


NICOLAS   LEON 


copies  of  this  large  edition  were  printed.  Dr.  Leon  is 
an  indefatigable  worker  in  Mexican  linguistics,  history, 
and  bibliography.  He  is  the  author  of  quite  two  score 
original  works  and  the  editor  of  many  others.  See  also 
Xos.  1,  3,  27,  55. 

6.  Gilbert!;  Maturino.  Un  manuscrito  Tarasco  del  siglo  XVI. 
A  Tarascan  uumuscript  of  the  Sixteenth  Century.  8°.  pp. 
16.  Mexico  :  1888.  This  pretty  manuscript  was  discov- 
ered by  Plancarte  and  was  printed  in  phototype  facsimile 
by  the  house  of  Abadiano.  Though  unsigned,  there  can  be 
little  doubt  that  it  is  the  work  of  Gilberti.  It  is  a  sermon 
on  the  text,  "  And  to  thee  will  I  give  the  keys  of  heaven." 
The  edition  was  limited  ;  twenty  copies  were  in  a  special 
antique  paper. 

7.  Gonzales  ;  Diego.  Arte  de  la  letigica  Cahiia.  .  .  .  Grammar 
of  the  Cahita  language.  Published  by  E.  Buelna.  Mexico  : 
i8go.  8°.  })p.  63  unnumbered,  264.  The  book  is  reprinted 
from  an  old  anonymous  work  believed  to  have  been  writ- 
ten by  Father  Diego  Gonzales,  a  Jesuit  missionary  priest. 
Buelna  supplies  a  valuable  introduction,  notes,  and  brief 
dictionary.  For  other  works  due  to  Buelna  see  Nos. 
10,  21. 

8.  Gramatica  de  la  lengua  Zapoteca  por  un  autor  a/ionimo 
(1823).  Granimar  of  the  Zapotec  language  by  an  anon- 
ymous author.  Published  by  Antonio  Penafiel.  Mexico  : 
1887.  4°.    pp.  Ivii,  159. 

Q.  Guerra;  Joan.  Arte  de  la  lengua  Mexicana  segun  la  acos- 
tumbran  hablar  los  Indios  en  todo  el  Obispado  de  Guadalajara 
....  (1692).  Grammar  of  the  Aztec  language  as  the 
Indians  in  all  the  bishopric  of  Guadalajara  are  accustomed 
to  speak  it.  Guadalajara:  1900.  8°.  pp.  98.  Reprinted 
bv  Alberto  Santoscoy. 
10.  Luces  del  Otomi,  b  Gramatica  del  idioma  que  hablan  los 
indios  Otomies  ....  por  un  Padre  de  la  Coinpaiiia  de  Jesus. 
Information  upon  the  Otomi,  or  Grammar  of  the  language 
spoken  by  the  Otomi  Indians,  by  a  Jesuit  priest.  Mexico  : 
1893.  8°.  pp.  303.  Published  by  the  care  of  E.  Buelna. 
Olmos;  Andres  de.  Arte  para  aprender  la  lengua  Mexicana 
( 1 547)-  Grammar  for  learning  the  Aztec  language.  Mex- 
ico :    1885.     4°.    pp.    125.     This   work    by    Father    Olmos 

6 


I  I 


remained    in    manuscript    for    more   than    three    hundred 
years  ;   it  was  first  printed  at  Paris,  in  1875. 

12.  Quintana;  Augustin  de  la.  Arie  dc  la  /e/igua  Mixe  (1729). 
Grammar  of  the  Mixe  language.  Reprinted  by  Francisco 
Belmar.  Oaxaca  :  1891.  There  were  but  sixty  copies  of 
this  reprint  of  a  rare  worlc  ;  it  was  never  placed  on  sale 
and  is  now  scarce. 

13.  Reyes;  Gaspar  de  los.  Gramdiica  de  las  leng;itas  Zapoteca 
serrana  y  Zapoteca  del  valle  .  .  .  .(1700).  Grammar  of  the 
mountain  Zapotec  and  valley  Zapotec  languages.  Reprinted 
by  Francisco  Belmar.  Oaxaca:  1891.  8°.  pp.  100.  Five 
hundred  copies  of  this  reprint  were  issued. 

14.  Rincon;  Antonio  S.  J.  de.  Arle  7nexicana,  Gramatica  y 
Vocabulario  (1595).  Aztec  manual,  grammar,  and  vocabu- 
lary. Reprinted  by  Antonio  Pefiafiel.  Mexico:  1885. 
Brinton  considered  this  one  of  the  most  important  of  the 
Aztec  Artes — both  because  it  exhibits  an  early  stage  of 
the  language  and  its  author  was  of  Indian  parentage, 
descended  from  the  old  Texcocan  rulers. 

15.  Salazar;  Manuel  de  los  Santos.  Colloquio  Ynquenino  quin.a 
xili  yii  Tlafomaquiz  qiiauhnepanolli  Sanita  Cruz  in  tlac  mic- 
lupil-liuiani  S.  Ele/ia.  Colloquy  ....  Mexico:  1890. 
4°.  pp.  50.  This  was  published,  from  the  seventeenth  cen- 
tury ms.  with  a  Spanish  translation,  by  Francisco  del  Paso 
y  Troncoso,  in  a  small  but  elegant  edition  of  fifty  copies, 
which  were  not  put  on  sale.     (Leon.) 

16.  Vocabulario  Castellano-Zapoteco.  Spanish-Zapotec  Vocabu- 
lary. Published  by  the  Junta  Columbina.  Mexico:  1893. 
4°.  pp.  V,  222.  This  before  unpublished  work  was  printed 
by  the  committee  appointed  by  the  Mexican  government 
to  prepare  some  permanent  and  tangible  result  of  the  cele- 
bration of  America's  quadricentennial.  They  printed,  in 
addition  to  this  eighteenth  -  century  document,  several 
important  picture-writing  manuscripts  in  facsimile,  beauti- 
ful figures  of  rare  antiquities,  etc. 

II.  Linguistic  studies  by  modern  workers. 

17.  Belmar;  Francisco.  Cartilla  del  Idioma  Zapoteco  serrano. 
Primer  of  the  mountain  Zapotec  language.  Oaxaca  :  1 890. 
16°.  pp.  30.     Mr.  Belmar  is  a  lawyer  connected  with  the 

7 


i8. 


19. 


20. 


21. 


state  government  of  Oaxaca.      He   early  became  inter- 
ested in  the  native  languages  of  the  state  and  has  made 
several  careful  studies  of  them  in  the  field.     Besides  his 
original  investigations  he  has  reprinted  those  of  others  : 
e.  g.,  Nos.  12,  13.    Several  of  his  smaller  works  have  been 
printed  by  the  author  himself  on  his  own  press. 
Belmar ;    Francisco.       Lenguas    indigenas    del   Estado     de 
Oaxaca:  Eiisayo  sobre  la  lengua  Trike.     Native  languages 
of  the  state  of  Oaxaca :    Es- 
say   upon    the    Triqui    lan- 
guage.     Oaxaca:   1897.  16°. 
pp.    54.     This    is    the   only 
work    printed    upon   a   lan- 
guage which  is  spoken  in  five 
(Belmar  erroneously  names 
six)  small  Indian  towns   in 
the  districts  of  Tlaxiaco  and 
Juxtlahuaca.     Until  Belmar 
published  this  work  Orozco 
y  Berra's  erroneous  location 
of   the  Triqui  area  was  ac- 
cepted    by     students ;     the 
towns  mentioned  by  him  as 
Triqui,    near    Tehuantepec. 
are  really  Chontal. 
Belmar;    Francisco.      Ligero 
estudio  sobre  la  lengua  Maza- 
teca.     Slight   study    of    the 
Mazatec  language.     Oaxaca:  1892.   8°.  |)p.  135.     Though 
modestly  named,  this  —  the  only  published  work   on  the 
language  — is  a  serious  and  important  production. 
Belmar;  Francisco.     Has  a  work  in  press  at  the  present 
time  upon  the  Chocho  language — also  called  the  Popo- 
loco,  Tlapaneca,  Teca  Pupuluca,  and  anciently  the  Tope. 
It  is  doubtful  whether  this  synonymy  will  hold. 
Buelna  ;  Eustaquio.     Peregrinacion  de  los  Aztecas  y  nom- 
brcs  geograficos  indigenas  de  Sinaloa.     Wanderings  of  the 
Aztecs  and  native  indigenous  geographical  names  of  Sina- 
loa.   Mexico:  1887.  pp.  136.    This  work  has  gone  throu-h 
twoeditions;  it  is  illustrated  with  hieroglyphic  illustrations. 

8 


FRANCISCO    BELMAR 


2  2.  Coleccion  Polidiomica  Mexicana  que  contiene  la  Oracion 
Dominical  vertida  en  cincuenta  y  dos  idiomas  indigenas  de 
aquella  Repuhlica.  Mexican  poly-lingual  collection,  con- 
taining the  Lord's  Prayer,  translated  into  fifty-two  Ian- 
languages  native  to  that  republic.  Mexico  :  i860.  4°. 
pp.  vii,  52.  The  title  sufficiently  describes  this  curious 
work,  which  was  published  by  the  Mexican  Society  of 
Geography  and  Statistics.     The  book  is  already  quite  rare. 

23.  Ferraz;  J.  E.  Nahuatlismos  de  Costa  Rica  ;  ensayo  lexi- 
cogrdfico  acerca  de  las  voces  mexicanas  que  se  kalian  en  el 
habla  corriente  de  la  costa-ricenses.  Nahuatlisms  of  Costa 
Rica;  lexicographic  essay  upon  the  Aztec  words  which 
are  found  in  the  current  language  of  the  Costa  Ricans. 
San  Jose  de  Costa  Rica:    1892.  4°.   (Leon.) 

24.  Gonzales;  Pedro.  Etimologia  de  algunos  nombres  geogrd- 
ficos  ....  del  Estado  de  Guanajuato.  Etymology  of 
some  geographical  names  ....  of  the  state  of  Guana- 
juato. Salamanca:  1S93.  8°.  pp.  192.  The  work  was 
published  by  the  author  and^  breaks  off  abruptly.  The 
first  fourteen  pages  are  devoted  to  analyses  of  place-names 
arranged  by  districts  ;  the  balance  to  historic  and  descrip- 
tive notes  relative  to  these  places. 

25.  Gracida  ;  M.  M.  Catalogo  etimologico  de  los  nombres  de  los 
pueblos,  haciendas  y  ranchos  del  Estado  de  Oaxaca.  Ety 
mological  catalogue  of  the  names  of  the  towns,  haciendas, 
and  ranches  of  the  state  of  Oaxaca.  Oaxaca  :  1883. 
The  place-names  of  Oaxaca  are  mostly  Indian,  largely 
Aztec.  Like  Indian  place-names  generally  they  are  com- 
pound words  and  descriptive.  Their  analysis  is  interest- 
ing and  instructive,  and  throws  light  upon  the  processes 
of  thought  and  language  formation.  Such  studies  as 
this  are  in  high  favor,  and  many  have  been  printed.  See 
Nos.  21,  24,  26,  29,  30,  31,  32,  34,  36,  40,  41. 

26.  Herrera  y  Perez.  According  to  Olaguibel,  this  author 
has  written  upon  the  onomatologia  of  Tlahuac,  Xochi- 
milco.     (In  No.  30,  p.  4.) 

27.  Leon ;  Nicolas.  Silabario  del  Idioma  Tarasco  0  de  Michoa- 
can.  Syllable  book  of  the  Tarascan  or  the  language  of 
Michoacan.  Morelia  :  1886.  8°.  This  little  book  is 
now  rare. 


2S.  Mendoza ;  Eufemio.  Apuntes  para  tin  Catalogo  razonado 
lie  las  palabras  Mexicanas  introducidas  a  I  Castellano.  Data 
for  a  systematic  catalogue  of  Aztec  words  introduced 
into  Spanish.  Mexico:  1872.  Hundreds  of  Aztec  words 
have  been  incorporated  into  Mexican  Spanish.  (A  few, 
such  as  coyotl,  tomatl,  chocolatl,  have  entered  our  Eng- 
lish speech.)  This  curious  and  interesting  study  was 
published  by  the  Mexican  Society  of  Geography  and 
Statistics.  Of  it  Blake  says  :  "  Highly  esteemed  for  the 
accuracy  of  its  information." 

29.  Olaguibel ;  Manuel  de.  La  Ciudad  de  Mexico  y  el  Districto 
Federal;  Toponimia  Azteca.  The  City  of  Mexico  and  the 
Federal  District;  Aztec  toponymy.  Toluca  :  1898.  Sq. 
8°.  pp.  121,  and  map.  A  study  of  the  etymology  of 
the  Indian  place-names  and  their  location  in  the  Valley 
of  Mexico.  The  map  aims  to  represent  the  limits  and 
subdivisions  of  the  ancient  city.  Mr.  Olaguibel  is  a 
magistrate;  he  has  done  scientific  and  literary  work  — 
especially  in  Aztec  etymology  and  the  bibliography  of 
Mexican  science;  he  is  a  member  of  various  national  and 
foreign  learned  societies. 

30.  Olaguibel;  Manuel  de.    0>iomatolologia  del Esiado  de  Mexico. 

Study  of  the  names  of  places 
in  the  state  of  Mexico.  To- 
luca: 1893.  4°.  pp.210.  This 
study  includes  names  in  four 
languages  —  Aztec,  Otomi, 
Mazahua,  and  Tarascan. 

31.  Penafiel;  Antonio.  Nombres 
geogrdficos  de  Mexico.  Geo- 
graphical names  of  Mexico. 
Mexico:  1885.  4°-  PP-  264, 
with  atlas  of  xxxix  colored 
plates.  This  highly  impor- 
tant work  is  at  once  a  study 
of  etymologies  and  hiero- 
glyphs. The  author  takes 
the  list  of  tribute  towns,  rep- 
resented hieroglyphically  in 
the     Codex     Mendoza.      He  antonio  peNafiel 


10 


33- 


3-4- 


J.")- 


studies  the  character,  analyzing  it  and  comparing  it  with 
the  significance  of  the  name  as  shown  by  its  etymology. 
The  names  are  all  Aztec. 

Penafiel ;  Antonio.  Dr.  Peiiafiel  is  now  publishing  a  more 
general  study  ;  in  character  like  the  preceding,  it  covers 
a  wider  field,  going  beyond  the  Aztec  names  ;  the  illus- 
trations are  much  finer,  being  colored  by  hand.  Dr. 
Pefiafiel  is  director  of  the  Statistical  Bureau  of  the  Mexi- 
can government.  He  is  deeply  interested  in  the  national 
history  and  archaeology.  He  has  published  valuable 
works  in  archfeology,  has  edited  facsimile  reproductions 
of  picture-manuscripts,  and  has  done  work  in  the  linguistic 
field.     See  also  No.  2. 

Poma ;  Cesare.  De  los  periodicos  escritos  en  lengiias  iiidi- 
geuas  de  America.  Of  the  periodical  publications  written 
in  native  American  languages.  Mexico  :  1895.  8°.  pp. 
4.  This  paper  was  read  before  the  Eleventh  Congress  of 
Americanists  at  Mexico  in  1895  ;  a  few  copies  were 
printed  separate  from  the  Proceedings.  Little  is  said  of 
Mexican  publications,  and  the  list  would  surely  be  greatly 
extended  by  a  careful  study. 

Reyes ;  Vicente.  Olaguibel  (No.  30,  p.  4)  refers  to  a  study 
of  the  place-names  of  the 
state  of  Guerrero  prepared 
by  this  author. 
Robelo  ;  Cecilio  A.  Vocabii- 
lario  comparativo  Castellatio 
y  Nahiiatl.  Comparative  vo  ■ 
cabulary,  Spanish  and  Aztec. 
Cuernavaca :  1889.  8°.  pp. 
ii,  75.  Mr.  Robelo  is  a  mag- 
istrate, who  is  deeply  inter- 
ested in  national  history  and 
antiquities,  regarding  both 
of  which  he  has  printed  stud- 
ies. His  linguistic  investi- 
gations are  of  importance. 
He  is  able  to  pronounce  dis- 
courses in  Aztec.  Such  an 
one,    delivered     September 

1 1 


CECILIO   A.  ROBELO 


30,   iSSg,  has  been   printed    in  a   little   work,  Album  de 
Morelos. 

36.  Robelo ;  Cecilio  A.  Nombres  geogrdficos  mexicanos  del 
Estado  de  Morelos.  Aztec  geographical  names  of  the 
state  of  Morelos.  Cuernavaca  :  1887.  8°.  pp.  85.  One 
of  the  best  books  of  this  class. 

37.  Robelo;  Cecilio  A.  Nombres  de  las  Reyes  de  Mexico. 
Names  of  the  kings  of  Mexico.  Cuernavaca:  1892.  8°. 
pp.  20.  An  interesting  study  of  the  etymology  and 
hieroglyphic  representation  of  the  nine  names  of  the 
Aztec  rulers. 

iZ.    Rosa;   Agustin   de   la.       Analysis  gramatical  de    algunos 
textos  Mexicanos.     Grammatical  analysis  of  certain  Aztec 
texts.    Guadalajara:  1871.   8°. 
pp.  98.    One  of  the  most  im- 
portant aids  to  the  student  of 
Aztec  ever  prepared.     Father 
de    la   Rosa  is  a    teacher   of 
Spanish  grammar  and  Aztec 
in  the  Seminary  of  Guadala- 
jara.    In  1899  he  had  a  class 
of  sixty  boys  and  young  men 
who  recited  three  times  a  week 
in  Aztec.     This  book  was  pre- 
pared    for    class     use.     The 
Lord's  Prayer  and  four  other 
religious  texts  are  copied  from 
the  Aztec  of  Paredes.     They 
are    carefully    analyzed,    the 
grammatical    form,    relation, 
and    meaning   of    each  word 
being   given.     The  different 
texts  have  also   been  separately  issued,  and,  even  in  the 
collected  series,  are  separately  page-numbered. 
39.    Rosa;   Agustin  de  la.     Estudio  de  la  filosofia  y  riqueza  de 
la  lengua  Mexicana.     Study  of  the  philosophy  and  rich- 
ness of  the  Aztec  language.     Guadalajara:   1889.     8°.   pp. 
115-     An  earlier  edition,  dated  1887,  has  but  ninety-tour 
pages.     A  selection  from  this  was  printed  under  another 
title  in  1891.      16°.  pp.  48.    (Leon.)     The  work  is  highly 

12 


AGUSTIN   DE   LA   ROSA 


interesting  and  suggestive  ;  it  is  the  well-supported  claim, 
bv  an  ardent  admirer,  that  the  Aztec  is  comparable,  in  its 
philosophy  and  wealth,  to  the  Greek  and  Latin. 

40.  Rosa  ;  Agustin  de  la.  Explicacion  de  algunos  de  los  tiombres 
de  la  leiigua  Mexicana.  Explanation  of  some  Aztec  names. 
Guadalajara:  1897.  12°.  pp.  28.  This  is  a  slightly  enlarged, 
second,  edition  of  a  tract  printed  for  use  in  public  schools. 
The  system  of  analysis  of  the  names  —  mostly  geo- 
graphical, though  some  are  of  persons,  animals,  and 
plants  —  is  so  ingenious  and  satisfactory  that  we  have 
translated  and  printed  the  first  edition  of  this  tract  into 
English,   for   the   use   of    our   class   in    Mexican   ethno- 

.graphy. 

41.  Rovirosa;  Jose  N.  Nombres  geogrdficos  del  Estado  de 
Tabasco.  Geographic  names  of  the  state  of  Tabasco. 
Mexico:  1888.  4°.  pp.  36.  See  No.  2.  Five  lan- 
guages are  spoken  in  the  state  of  Tabasco,  but  most  of 
its  place-names  are  Aztec.  A  few  represent  the  other 
languages — Chontal,  Zoque,  Ahualulco,  and  Maya. 

42.  Sanchez;  Jose  Maria.  La  lengua  Tzotzil  e>i  Chiapas: 
Explicaciones  gramdticales  dogmaticas  e  instructivas  para 
los  sacerdotes  catblicos  y  toda  clase  de  persofias.  The 
Tzotzil  language  in  Chiapas;  explanations,  grammatical, 
dogmatic,  and  instructive,  for  Catholic  priests  and  every 
class  of  persons.  San  Cristobal:  1895.  8°.  pp.  95. 
The  author  is  a  priest,  who  has  made  diligent  study  of 
the  languages  of  his  parish. 

43.  Sanchez;  Jose  Maria.  Graf?idtica  de  la  lengua  Zoque. 
Grammar  of  the   Zoque   language.     Mexico:   1S77.     8°. 

PP-  95- 

44.  Torres ;     M.       Estudios    gramaticales   sobre   el    Nahuatl. 

Grammatical  studies  upon  the  Aztec.  Leon:  1887.  pp. 
104.     (Leon.) 

Books  in  or  upon  the  native  languages  for  practical 
use  —  usually  of  the  natives. 

45.  Angeles;  Manuel  Valentin.  Brevisima  explicacion  de  los 
principales  niisterios  de  nuestra  Santa  Religion  Calolica  en 
lengua  Mexicana.  Very  brief  explanation  of  the  principal 
mysteries   of    our   holy    Catholic   religion    in    the   Aztec 

13 


laiiijuage.     Tepotztlan  :    1883.     8°.    pp.  21.     Printed   in 
a  jiracticallv  Indian  town,  for  native  use.      (Blake.) 

46.  Alejandre;  Marcelo.  Cartilla  Huasteca  con  su  gramditca, 
diccionarioy  varias  reglaspara  ap7-ender elidioma.  H  uastecan 
primer,  with  its  grammar,  dictionary,  and  various  rules 
for  learning  the  language.  Mexico:  1890.  4°.  pp.  179. 
The  author  was  an  Indian,  and  the  book  was  published 
bv  the  national  government.     See  No.  2. 

47.  Arenas;  Pedro  de.  Vocabiilario  Manual  de  las  le/tguas 
Castellana  y  Mexicatia.  Word-book  of  the  Spanish  and 
Aztec  languages.  Puebla :  1887.  16°.  pp.  81.  This 
little  manual  seems  never  to  lose  its  popularity.  It  was 
first  printed  in  the  seventeenth  century.  There  are  both 
dated  and  undated  editions.  Of  dated  editions  printed  in 
Mexico  there  are  at  least  those  of  1683,  1690,  1728, 
1753.  It  has  been  printed  at  Puebla  in  the  years  1793, 
1831,  1837,  1887.  An  edition  was  printed  at  Paris  in 
1862.  The  edition  of  1887  is  commonly  on  sale  and 
goes  chiefly  to  Indian  purchasers. 

48.  Caballero ;  Dario  Julio.  Gramdtica  del  Idioma  Mexicana 
segun  el  sistema  de  Ollendorf.  Grammar  of  the  Aztec 
language  after  the  Ollendorf  system.  Mexico:  1880. 
8°.  pp.  212  and  vocabulary.  The  book  was  written  to 
assist  the  educated  class  in  Mexico  to  gain  a  knowledge 
of  "this  elegant  tongue,"  that  they  might  converse  with 
the  Indians  in  their  own  language  and  so  impart  culture 
to,  and  elevate,  them. 

49.  Catecismo  de  la  Doctrina  Cristiana  en  la  lengua  Mixteca 
....  por  nil  Mixteco.  Catechism  of  the  Christian  Doc- 
trine in  the  Mixtec  language  ....  by  a  Mixtec.  Puebla: 
1899.  16°.  pp.47.  This  is  probably  the  latest  book  of 
its  class  —  a  class  that  has  been  appearing  continuously 
since  the  middle  of  the  sixteenth  century.  It  is  intended 
simply  for  Indian  use. 
50.  Chimalpopoca ;  Faustino.  El  Ceiitavo  de  Nuestra  Senora 
de  Guadalupe.  The  Centavo  of  Our  Lady  of  Guadalupe. 
Mexico:  1869.  8°.  pp.  6.  The  most  celebrated  shrine 
in  Mexico  is  that  of  Guadalupe;  it  is  especially  dear  to 
the  Indians.  In  1869  the  church  was  running  behind 
in    its  receipts,  and  a  movement  was  organized   by   the 

14 


Sociedad  Catblica  to  raise  money  for  the  sanctuary  by 
voluntary  offerings  of  one  centavo  monthly.  Circulars 
explaining  the  plan  were  widely  distributed  among  the 
Spanish-speaking  po})ulation.  A  translation  of  this 
appeal  was  made  by  Faustino  Chimalpopoca,  himself  an 
Indian,  descendant  of  a  famous  ancient  family,  and  a 
man  of  scholarly  attainments,  into  x\ztec  for  distribution 
to  the  Indians. 

51.  Chimalpopoca;  Faustino.  Epitome  b  modo  fdcil de  aprende^- 
tl  idioma  Nahuatl  b  lengua  Mexicaiia.  Epitome  or  easy 
mode  of  learning  the  Nahuatl  or  Aztec  language.  Mex- 
ico :    1869.      8°.    pp.  124. 

52.  Cronista  de  Mexico:  for  June  13,  1864.  It  is  a  special 
issue  of  the  periodical  The  Mexican  Chronicler,  printed 
in  honor  of  Maximilian's  elevation  to  the  imperial 
throne.  It  is  printed  in  Spanish  and  Aztec,  in  blue 
ink. — Revista  de  Mexico:  No.  33  of  Vol.  IV,  1890,  of  the 
periodical  Review  of  Mexico,  was  a  special  number,  com- 
memorative of  the  torture  of  Quauhtemotzin,  eleventh 
and  last  of  the  Aztec  rulers ;  it  contains  some  Aztec 
matter.      See  Poma  :   No.  33. 

53.  El  Liliputiense.  The  Lilliputian.  This  was  a  small  news- 
paper, printed  partly  in  Aztec,  which  was  published  for  a 
time  at  Tepoztlan,  in  the  state  of  Morelos.  See  Poma: 
No.  33. 

54.  Purepe.  This  little  journal  ran  through  but  three  issues 
in  November  and  December,  1882.  It  was  published  in 
Tarascan,  at  Quiroga,  Michoacan,  and  was  conducted  by 
Nicolas  Leon  and  a  Tarascan  Indian  named  Juan  B. 
Tapia.  It  is  extremely  rare;  Dr.  Leon  himself  does  not 
possess  a  copy.     See  Poma:  No.  33. 

55.  Dos  Invitaciones  en  lengua  Tarasca:  Two  invitations  in 
the  Tarascan  language.  :887,  1888.  These  are  men- 
tioned in  Leon's  catalogue,  where  one  is  said  to  be  in 
verse ;  the  other  is  a  translation  of  San  Bernardo's 
Memorare. 

56.  El  Evangelio  de  San  Lucas,  del  Latin  al  Mexicano  b  mejor 
Nahuatl.  The  gospel  of  St.  Luke,  from  Latin  into  Aztec 
or  better  Nahuatl.  London:  1883.  12°.  pp.  139.  This  is 
mentioned  by  Icazbalceta,  who   says:    "I  do  not  know 

15 


who  is  the  author  of  this  translation  or  what  confidence 
it  merits."  It  is  introduced  here  because  No.  75,  printed 
in  Mexico,  is  copied  literally  from  it. 
5  7 .  Galicia ;  Faustino  Chimalpopoca.  Silahario  de  idionia  Mexi 
ca/io.  Syllable-book  of  the  Aztec  language.  Mexico: 
1849.  ^2°.  Several  editions  have  appeared;  the  fifth,  in 
1892,  has  pp.  32.  It  is  commonly  on  sale.  The  author 
was  professor  of  Aztec  in  the  University  of  Mexico. 

58.  Gastelu;  Antonio  Vasquez.  ("King  of  Figueroa.")  Cate- 
cismo  breve  que  precisameiite  debe  saber  el  Cristiaiio.  Short 
catechism  of  exactly  what  the  Christian  ought  to  know. 
The  first  edition  of  this  popular  catechism  appeared  at 
Puebla  in  1733.  It  has  been  repeatedly  reprinted. 
Among  recent  editions  falling  within  our  scope  are: 
Puebla,  i860;  Orizaba,  1865;  and  Orizaba,  1888.  All 
are  in  16",  of  few  pages. 

59.  Lorenzana  ;  Serapio  de.  Un  Interprete  Hiiasteco.  A  Huas- 
tecan  phrase-book.  Mexico:  1896.  16°.  pp.  43.  This 
little  work  was  published  as  a  handy  manual  for  travelers 
and  others  who  need  practical  knowledge  of  common 
phrases. 

60.  Memorandum  acerca  de  la  inauguracibii  solemiie  del  iiionu- 
iitciito  erigido  eii  honor  de 
Cuauhtemoc  eii  la  calzada  de 
la  Reforma  de  la  Ciudad  de 
Mexico.  Souvenir  of  thepub- 
lic  dedication  of  the  monu- 
ment erected  in  honor  of 
Cuauhtemoc  in  the  Paseo  de 
la  Reforma  of  the  City  of 
Mexico.  This  contains  an 
Aztec  discourse  pronounced 
bv  the  eminent  scholar  Fran- 
cisco del  Paso  v  Troncoso. 

61.  Molina;  Arcadio  G.  El  Jas- 
min del  Istmo :  Priiicipios 
generales  para  aprendcr  d 
leer,  escribir  y  hablar  la 
lengua  Zapoteca.  The  Jas- 
mine of  the  Isthmus  :  Gen- 

16 


ARCADIO  G.  MOLINA 


eral  principles  for  learning  to  read,  write,  and  speak  the 
Zapotec  language.  Oaxaca :  1892.  16".  pp.  175.  The 
author,  a  Zapotec  Indian,  lives  at  San  Bias.  The  dialect 
of  San  Bias  differs  from  that  of  Tehuantepec,  though 
the  two  municipalities  join  and  their  governmental  town 
houses  are  less  than  a  quarter  of  an  hour's  walk  apart. 
The  book  was  written  on  personal  initiative  and  was  pub- 
lished by  the  author  at  his  own  expense.  The  whole  of 
the  first  edition  has  been  sold  and  a  second  has  been 
printed.     It  is  a  creditable  piece  of  work. 

62.  Molina;  Arcadio  G.  La  Rosa  del  Amor.  The  Rose  of 
Love.  San  Blas-Tehuantepec :  1894.  12".  pp.  12.  The 
author  says  :  "  It  contains  eight  lessons  of  love  phrases  in 
Spanish  and  Zapotec  for  lovers."  I  know  no  more  curi- 
dus  native  Indian  book.  It  was  published  and  sold  by 
ihe  author,  and  was  intended  for  actual  use. 

63.  Olivares ;  Sebastian.  Catecismo  zapichu  Catamba  Espahol 
ca  Tarasco  liymbo  .  .  .  .  S.  0.  Catechism  translated 
from  Spanish  into  Tarascan  ....  by  S.  O.  Mexico  : 
1891.    i6^    (Leon.) 

64.  Palacios ;  Casiano.  Catecismo  dc  la  Doctrina  Cristiana 
escrito  en  lengua  Mixteca.  Catechism  of  the  Christian 
Doctrine  written  in  the  Mixtec  language.  Oaxaca:  1896. 
24".  pp.  23.  The  standard  work  upon  the  ancient  Mixtec 
was  written  at  Teposcolula  by  Antonio  de  ios  Reyes  and 
printed  in  Mexico  in  1593.  In  that  same  town,  in  1896,  the 
cura,  Casiano  Palacios,  himself  an  Indian,  speaking  Mixtec 
in  his  ten  churches,  wrote  this  little  catechism.  He  knew 
nothinof  of  the  book  of  Reyes  or  its  historical  interest, 
but  labored  at  his  translation  as  a  means  of  saving  souls. 
Three  centuries  and  more  separate  these  workers  in  that 
mountain  town. 

65.  Palafox;  Juan  de.  Manual  para  administrar  Ios  Santos 
Sacrame/itos.  Manual  for  the  administration  of  the  holy 
sacraments.  Puebla  :  1S64.  4".  pp.  451,  and  index.  Leon 
says  that  this  work  is  in  Latin,  Spanish,  and  Aztec,  and 
that  it  is  little  known  to  bibliographers. 

66.  Palma  ;  Miguel  T.  Gramatica  de  la  lengua  Azteca  b  Me.xi- 
cana.  Grammar  of  the  Aztec  or  Mexican  language. 
Puebla:   1886.      8°.    pp.    126.      Miguel  T.   Palma  was  a 

17 


full-blood  Indian,  whose  mother-tongue  was  Aztec.  He 
was  highly  respected  in  Puebla,  where  he  practiced  law 
and  tauafht  Aztec  in  the  state  normal  school  and  Latin 
in  the  state  college.  This  grammar  is  an  excellent  work 
—  clear,  exact,  and  comprehensive. 

67.  Palma ;  Miguel  T.  Constitucibn  de  los  E.  U.  Mexicanos 
....  tradiicida  al  idioma  Azteca  b  Mexica//o.  Constitu 
tion  of  the  United  States  of 
Mexico  ....  translated 
into  the  Aztec  or  Mexican 
language.  Puebla:  1888.  8°. 
pp.  59.  The  Spanish  orig- 
inal and  Aztec  translation 
are  on  opposite  pages. 

68.  Palma  ;  Miguel  T.  Catecistno 
de  la  Doctrina  Cristiana, 
por  el  Padre  Gerotiimo  de 
Ripalda,  traducido  al  idioma 
Mexicaiio.  Catechism  of  the 
Christian  Doctrine  by  Fa- 
ther Geronimo  de  Ripalda, 
translated  into  the  Aztec 
language.  Puebla:  1886. 
16°.  pp.  114.  This  cate- 
chism is  popular  and  is 
much  sold. 

69.  Paredes  ;  Ignacio  de.  Catecistiio  de  la  Doctrina  O-istiaua  en 
Mexicano.  Catechism  of  the  Christian  Doctrine  in  Aztec. 
Reprinted  by  order  of  the  bishop  of  Chilapa.  Mexico: 
1878.  12°.  Paredes  translated  Ripalda's  catechism  in 
1758.  His  translation  was  reprinted  in  1809.  In  1878, 
one  hundred  and  twenty  years  after  its  first  appearance, 
this  new  edition  was  published.     (Leon.) 

70.  Promesas  de  Nuestro  Senor  a  la  B.  Margarita  Alacoque : 
translated  into  Aztec.  Promises  of  Our  Lord  to  Mar- 
garita Alacoque.      Zamora :    1887.      12°.    i    leaf.     (Leon.) 

71.  Promesas  de  Nuestro  Senor  a  la  B.  Margarita  Alacoque: 
translated  into  Tarascan.  Promises  of  Our  Lord  to  Mar- 
garita Alacoque.      Zamora:    1887.      12°.     i  leaf.     (Leon.) 

7 J.    Quiroz    Yolcecel;    Bernardino    de   Jesus.       La    Enseiianza 

18 


MIGUKL  T.  PALMA 


Nahiiatl.  XaliiiatI  instruction.  Mexico:  1889.  4°-  Pp- 
18.  Written  by  an  Aztec  Indian  living  at  the  village  of 
'Pepoztlan.  The  preface,  addressed  to  Dr.  Penafiel,  in 
Spanish  is  a  good  example  of  the  flowery  style  natural  to 
the  Aztec.  This  book  was  to  have  been  followed  by  a 
second  part,  but  I  think  this  has  not  been  published. 

73.  Resales  y  Malpica;  Francisco.  Gramdtica  tebrica-prdctica 
de  la  leiigiia  Mcxuana.  Theoretico-practical  grammar  of 
the  .\ztec  language.     Puebla :   1873.  4"-  PP-  i44-  (I-eon.) 

74.  Valeriano  ;  Antonio.  El  milagro  de  la  Virgen  del  Tepeyac. 
The  miracle  of  the  Virgin  of  Tepeyac.  Puebla:  1895. 
16°.  pp.  65.  The  author  of  this  account  of  the  miracu- 
lous appearance  at  Tepeyac  (now  (luadalupe)  was  an 
Indian  of  Atzcajjotzalco.  He  was  one  of  the  first 
students  at  the  (College  of  Santiago  Tlatelolco,  and  in 
1554  was  iL-ader  in  that  institution.  He  was  for  thirty- 
five  years  "  governor  of  the  Indians "  of  the  City  of 
Mexico.  He  died  in  1605.  His  article  has  been  printed 
several  times  in  other  works,  but  not  before  separately. 
In  1895,  '''t  '^''^  revival  of  the  Guadalupan  controversy, 
connected  with  the  crowning  of  the  Virgin  at  Guadalupe, 
this  was  printed,  through  the  interest  of  Bishop  Vera  of 
Cuernavaca.  The  original  Aztec  and  the  Spanish  trans- 
lation are  printed  on  opposite  pages. 

75.  Yacuic  lyec  Tenotzaltzin  ///  Jesii  Christo  quenami  oqiiimo 
ihcuilJiili  in  San  Lucas.  Translation  of  the  gospel  of 
St.  Luke  into  Aztec.  Mexico:  1889.  16°.  pp.  139. 
Referred  to  in  No.  56.  Published  by  the  Methodist 
Episcopal  Press  in  the  City  of  Mexico.  For  some  reason 
verses  4  and  5  in  chapter  xiii  are  omitted. 


19 


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